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2023 Kelantan State Election

N1 Pengkalan Kubor

Incumbent: Wan Roslan Wan Hamat (PN – PAS)

N2 Kelaboran

Incumbent: Mohd Adenan Hassan (PN – PAS)

N3 Pasir Pekan

Incumbent: Ahmad Yaakob (PN – PAS)

N4 Wakaf Bharu

Incumbent: Mohd Rusli Abdullah (PN – PAS)

N5 Kijang

Incumbent: Izani Husin (PN – PAS)

N6 Chempaka

Incumbent: Ahmad Fathan Mahmood (PN – PAS)

N7 Panchor

Incumbent: Nik Mohd. Amar Nik Abdullah (PN – PAS)

N8 Tanjong Mas

Incumbent: Rohani Ibrahim (PN – PAS)

N9 Kota Lama

Incumbent: Tan Teng Loon @ Anuar Tan Abdullah (PN – PAS)

N10 Bunut Payong

Incumbent: Ramli Mamat (PN – PAS)

N11 Tendong

Incumbent: Rozi Muhamad (PN – PAS)

N12 Pengkalan Pasir

Incumbent: Hanifa Ahmad (PN – PAS)

N13 Meranti

Incumbent: Mohd. Nassuruddin Daud (PN – PAS)

N14 Chetok

Incumbent: Zuraidin Abdullah (PN – PAS)

N15 Gual Periok

Incumbent: Mohamad Awang (PN – PAS)

N16 Apam Putra

Incumbent: Abdul Rasul Mohamed (PN – PAS)

N17 Salor

Incumbent: Saiful Adli Abu Bakar (PN – PAS)

N18 Pasir Tumboh

Incumbent: Abd Rahman Yunus (PN – PAS)

N19 Demit

Incumbent: Mumtaz Md. Nawi (PN – PAS)

N20 Tawang

Incumbent: Hassan Mohamood (PN – PAS)

N21 Pantai Irama

Incumbent: Mohd Huzaimy Che Husin (PN – PAS)

N22 Jelawat

Incumbent: Abdul Azziz Kadir (PN – PAS)

N23 Melor

Incumbent:

N24 Kadok

Incumbent: Azami Md. Nor (PN – PAS)

N25 Kok Lanas

Incumbent: Md Alwi Che Ahmad (BN – UMNO)

N26 Bukit Panau

Incumbent: Abdul Fatah Mahmood (PN – PAS)

N27 Gual Ipoh

Incumbent: Bakri Mustapha (BN – UMNO)

N28 Kemahang

Incumbent: Md. Anizam Ab. Rahman (PN – PAS)

N29 Selising

Incumbent: Tuan Mohd Saripuddin Tuan Ismail (PN – PAS)

N30 Limbongan

Incumbent: Mohd Nazlan Mohamed Hasbullah (PN – PAS)

N31 Semerak

Incumbent: Wan Hassan Wan Ibrahim (PN – PAS)

N32 Gaal

Incumbent: Mohd Rodzi Ja’afar (PN – PAS)

N33 Pulai Chondong

Incumbent: Azhar Salleh (PN – PAS)

N34 Temangan

Incumbent: Mohamed Fadzli Hassan (PN – PAS)

N35 Kemuning

Incumbent: Mohd Roseli Ismail (PN – PAS)

N36 Bukit Bunga

Incumbent: Mohd Adhan Kechik (BN – UMNO)

N37 Ayer Lanas

Incumbent: Mustapha Mohamed (PN – BERSATU)

N38 Kuala Balah

Incumbent: Abd Aziz Derashid (BN – UMNO)

N39 Mengkebang

Incumbent: Muhammad Mat Sulaiman (PN – PAS)

N40 Guchil

Incumbent: Hilmi Abdullah (PN – PAS)

N41 Manek Urai

Incumbent: Mohd Fauzi Abdullah (PN – PAS)

N42 Dabong

Incumbent: Ku Mohd Zaki Ku Hussien (PN – PAS)

N43 Nenggiri

Incumbent: Ab Aziz Yusoff (BN – UMNO)

N44 Paloh

Incumbent: Amran Arifin (BN – UMNO)

N45 Galas

Incumbent: Mohd Syahbuddin Hashim (BN – UMNO)

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2023 Terengganu State Election

N1 Kuala Besut

Incumbent: Tengku Zaihan Che Ku Abd Rahman (BN – UMNO)

N2 Kota Putera

Incumbent: Mohd. Nurkhuzaini Ab. Rahman (PN – PAS)

N3 Jertih

Incumbent: Muhammad Pehimi Yusof (BN – UMNO)

N4 Hulu Besut

Incumbent: Nawi Mohamad (BN – UMNO)

N5 Jabi

Incumbent: Azman Ibrahim (PN – PAS)

N6 Permaisuri

Incumbent: Abd Halim Jusoh (BN – UMNO)

N7 Langkap

Incumbent: Sabri Mohd Noor (BN – UMNO)

N8 Batu Rakit

Incumbent: Bazlan Abd Rahman (BN – UMNO)

N9 Tepuh

Incumbent: Hishamuddin Abdul Karim (PN – PAS)

N10 Buluh Gading

Incumbent: Ridzuan Hashim (PN – PAS)

N11 Seberang Takir

Incumbent: Ahmad Razif Abdul Rahman (BN – UMNO)

N12 Bukit Tunggal

Incumbent: Alias Razak (PN – PAS)

N13 Wakaf Mempelam

Incumbent: Wan Sukairi Wan Abdullah (PN – PAS)

N14 Bandar

Incumbent: Ahmad Shah Muhamed (PN – PAS)

N15 Ladang

Incumbent: Tengku Hassan Tengku Omar (PN – PAS)

N16 Batu Buruk

Incumbent: Muhammad Khalil Abdul Hadi (PN – PAS)

N17 Alur Limbat

Incumbent: Ariffin Deraman (PN – PAS)

N18 Bukit Payung

Incumbent: Mohd. Nor Hamzah (PN – PAS)

N19 Ru Rendang

Incumbent: Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar (PN – PAS)

N20 Pengkalan Berangan

Incumbent: Sulaiman Sulong (PN – PAS)

N21 Telemung

Incumbent: Rozi Mamat (BN – UMNO)

N22 Manir

Incumbent: Hilmi Harun (PN – PAS)

N23 Kuala Berang

Incumbent: Mamad Puteh (PN – PAS)

N24 Ajil

Incumbent: Maliaman Kassim (PN – PAS)

N25 Bukit Besi

Incumbent: Roslee Daud (BN – UMNO)

N26 Rantau Abang

Incumbent: Alias Harun (PN – PAS)

N27 Sura

Incumbent: Wan Hapandi Wan Nik (PN – PAS)

N28 Paka

Incumbent: Satiful Bahri Mamat (PN – PAS)

N29 Kemasik

Incumbent: Saiful Azmi Suhaili (PN – PAS)

N30 Kijal

Incumbent: Ahmad Said (BN – UMNO)

N31 Cukai

Incumbent: Hanafiah Mat (PN – PAS)

N32 Air Putih

Incumbent: Ab Razak Ibrahim (PN – PAS)

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2023 Negeri Sembilan State Election

N1 Chennah

Incumbent: Anthony Loke Siew Fook (PH – DAP)

N2 Pertang

Incumbent: Noor Azmi Yusuf (BN – UMNO)

N3 Sungai Lui

Incumbent: Mohd Razi Mohd Ali (BN – UMNO)

N4 Klawang

Incumbent: Bakri Sawir (PH – AMANAH)

N5 Serting

Incumbent: Shamshulkahar Mohd Deli (BN – UMNO)

N6 Palong

Incumbent: Mustafa Nagoor (BN – UMNO)

N7 Jeram Padang

Incumbent: Manickam Letchuman (BN – MIC)

N8 Bahau

Incumbent: Teo Kok Seong (PH – DAP)

N9 Lenggeng

Incumbent: Suhaimi Kassim (PH – AMANAH)

N10 Nilai

Incumbent: Arul Kumar Jambunathan (PH – DAP)

N11 Lobak

Incumbent: Chew Seh Yong (PH – DAP)

N12 Temiang

Incumbent: Ng Chin Tsai (PH – DAP)

N13 Sikamat

Incumbent: Aminuddin Harun (PH – PKR)

N14 Ampangan

Incumbent: Mohamad Rafie Abdul Malek (PH – PKR)

N15 Juasseh

Incumbent: Ismail Lasim (BN – UMNO)

N16 Seri Menanti

Incumbent: Abdul Samad Ibrahim (BN – UMNO)

N17 Senaling

Incumbent: Adnan Abu Hasan (BN – UMNO)

N18 Pilah

Incumbent: Mohamad Nazaruddin Sabtu (PH – PKR)

N19 Johol

Incumbent: Saiful Yazan Sulaiman (BN – UMNO)

N20 Labu

Incumbent: Ismail Ahmad (PH – PKR)

N21 Bukit Kepayang

Incumbent: Tan Lee Koon (PH – DAP)

N22 Rahang

Incumbent: Mary Josephine Pritam Singh (PH – DAP)

N23 Mambau

Incumbent: Yap Yew Weng (PH – DAP)

N24 Seremban Jaya

Incumbent: Gunasekaren Palasamy (PH – DAP)

N25 Paroi

Incumbent: Mohamad Taufek Abd. Ghani (PH – AMANAH)

N26 Chembong

Incumbent: Zaifulbahri Idris (BN – UMNO)

N27 Rantau

Incumbent: Mohamad Hasan (BN – UMNO)

N28 Kota

Incumbent: Awaludin Said (BN – UMNO)

N29 Chuah

Incumbent: Yek Diew Ching (PH – PKR)

N30 Lukut

Incumbent: Choo Ken Hwa (PH – DAP)

N31 Bagan Pinang

Incumbent: Tun Hairuddin Abu Bakar (BN – UMNO)

N32 Linggi

Incumbent: Abd Rahman Mohd Redza (BN – UMNO)

N33 Sri Tanjung

Incumbent: Ravi Munusamy (PH – PKR)

N34 Gemas

Incumbent: Abdul Razak Said (BN – UMNO)

N35 Gemencheh

Incumbent: Mohd Isam Mohd Isa (BN – UMNO)

N36 Repah

Incumbent: Veerapan Superamaniam (PH – DAP)

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2023 Selangor State Election

N1 Sungai Air Tawar

Incumbent: Rizam Ismail (BN – UMNO)

N2 Sabak

Incumbent: Ahmad Mustain Othman (PH – PKR)

N3 Sungai Panjang

Incumbent: Mohd Imran Tamrin (BN – UMNO)

N4 Sekinchan

Incumbent: Ng Suee Lim (PH – DAP)

N5 Hulu Bernam

Incumbent: Rosni Sohar (BN – UMNO)

N6 Kuala Kubu Baharu

Incumbent: Lee Kee Hiong (PH – DAP)

N7 Batang Kali

Incumbent:

N8 Sungai Burong

Incumbent: Mohd Shamsuddin Lias (BN – UMNO)

N9 Permatang

Incumbent: Rozana Zainal Abidin (PH – PKR)

N10 Bukit Melawati

Incumbent: Juwairiya Zulkifli (PH – PKR)

N11 Ijok

Incumbent: Idris Ahmad (PH – PKR)

N12 Jeram

Incumbent: Mohd Shaid Rosli (PEJUANG)

N13 Kuang

Incumbent: Sallehudin Amuriddin (PEJUANG)

N14 Rawang

Incumbent: Chua Wei Kiat (PH – PKR)

N15 Taman Templer

Incumbent: Mohd Sany Hamzan (PH – AMANAH)

N16 Sungai Tua

Incumbent: Amirudin Shari (PH – PKR)

N17 Gombak Setia

Incumbent: Hilman Idham (PN – BERSATU)

N18 Hulu Kelang

Incumbent: Saari Sungib (PH – AMANAH)

N19 Bukit Antarabangsa

Incumbent: Mohamed Azmin Ali (PN – BERSATU)

N20 Lembah Jaya

Incumbent: Haniza Mohamed Talha (PBM)

N21 Pandan Indah

Incumbent: Izham Hashim (PH – AMANAH)

N22 Teratai

Incumbent: Lai Wai Chong (WARISAN)

N23 Dusun Tua

Incumbent: Edry Faizal Eddy Yusof (PH – DAP)

N24 Semenyih

Incumbent: Zakaria Hanafi (BN – UMNO)

N25 Kajang

Incumbent: Hee Loy Sian (PH – PKR)

N26 Sungai Ramal

Incumbent: Mazwan Johar (PH – AMANAH)

N27 Balakong

Incumbent: Wong Siew Ki (PH – DAP)

N28 Seri Kembangan

Incumbent: Ean Yong Hian Wah (PH – DAP)

N29 Seri Serdang

Incumbent: Siti Mariah Mahmud (PH – AMANAH)

N30 Kinrara

Incumbent: Ng Sze Han (PH – DAP)

N31 Subang Jaya

Incumbent: Michelle Ng Mei Sze (PH – DAP)

N32 Seri Setia

Incumbent: Halimey Abu Bakar (PH – PKR)

N33 Taman Medan

Incumbent: Syamsul Firdaus Mohamed Supri (PH – PKR)

N34 Bukit Gasing

Incumbent: Rajiv Rishyakaran (PH – DAP)

N35 Kampung Tunku

Incumbent: Lim Yi Wei (PH – DAP)

N36 Bandar Utama

Incumbent: Jamaliah Jamaluddin (PH – DAP)

N37 Bukit Lanjan

Incumbent: Elizabeth Wong Keat Ping (PH – PKR)

N38 Paya Jaras

Incumbent: Mohd Khairuddin Othman (PH – PKR)

N39 Kota Damansara

Incumbent: Shatiri Mansor (PH – PKR)

N40 Kota Anggerik

Incumbent: Najwan Halimi (PH – PKR)

N41 Batu Tiga

Incumbent: Rodziah Ismail (PH – PKR)

N42 Meru

Incumbent: Mohd Fakhrulrazi Mohd Mokhtar

N43 Sementa

Incumbent: Dr. Daroyah Alwi (PBM)

N44 Selat Klang

Incumbent: Abdul Rashid Asari (PN – BERSATU)

N45 Bandar Baru Klang

Incumbent: Teng Chang Khim (PH – DAP)

N46 Pelabuhan Klang

Incumbent: Azmizam Zaman Huri (PH – PKR)

N47 Pandamaran

Incumbent: Leong Tuck Chee (PH – DAP)

N48 Sentosa

Incumbent: Gunarajah George (PH – PKR)

N49 Sungai Kandis

Incumbent: Zawawi Mughni (PH – PKR)

N50 Kota Kemuning

Incumbent: Ganabatirau Veraman (PH – DAP)

N51 Sijangkang

Incumbent: Dr. Ahmad Yunus Hairi (PN – PAS)

N52 Banting

Incumbent: Lau Weng San (PH – DAP)

N53 Morib

Incumbent: Hasnul Baharuddin (PH – AMANAH)

N54 Tanjong Sepat

Incumbent: Borhan Aman Shah (PH – PKR)

N55 Dengkil

Incumbent: Adhif Syan Abdullah (PN – BERSATU)

N56 Sungai Pelek

Incumbent: Ronnie Liu Tian Khiew (PH – DAP)

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2023 Kedah State Election

N1 Ayer Hangat

Incumbent: Juhari Bulat (PN – BERSATU)

N2 Kuah

Incumbent: Mohd Firdaus Ahmad (PN – BERSATU)

N3 Kota Siputeh

Incumbent: Salmee Said (PH – AMANAH)

N4 Ayer Hitam

Incumbent: Azhar Ibrahim (PN – PAS)

N5 Bukit Kayu Hitam

Incumbent: Halimaton Shaadiah Saad (PN – BERSATU)

N6 Jitra

Incumbent: Mukhriz Mahathir (PEJUANG)

N7 Kuala Nerang

Incumbent: Munir @ Mohamad Yusoff Zakaria (PN – PAS)

N8 Pedu

Incumbent: Mohd Radzi Md Amin (PN – PAS)

N9 Bukit Lada

Incumbent: Salim Mahmood (PN – PAS)

N10 Bukit Pinang

Incumbent: Romani Wan Salim (PN – PAS)

N11 Derga

Incumbent: Tan Kok Yew (PH – DAP)

N12 Suka Menanti

Incumbent: Zamri Yusuf (PH – PKR)

N13 Kota Darul Aman

Incumbent: Teh Swee Leong (PH – DAP)

N14 Alor Mengkudu

Incumbent: Phahrolrazi Mohd Zawawi (PH – PKR)

N15 Anak Bukit

Incumbent: Amiruddin Hamzah (PEJUANG)

N16 Kubang Rotan

Incumbent: Mohd Asmirul Anuar Aris (PH – AMANAH)

N17 Pengkalan Kundor

Incumbent: Ismail Salleh (PH – AMANAH)

N18 Tokai

Incumbent: Mohd Hayati Othman (PN – PAS)

N19 Sungai Tiang

Incumbent: Suraya Yaacob (BN – UMNO)

N20 Sungai Limau

Incumbent: Mohd Azam Abd Samat (PN – PAS)

N21 Guar Chempedak

Incumbent: Ku Abd Rahman Ku Ismail (PN – BERSATU)

N22 Gurun

Incumbent:

N23 Belantek

Incumbent:

N24 Jeneri

Incumbent: Muhammad Sanusi Md Nor

N25 Bukit Selambau

Incumbent: Summugam Rengasamy (PH – PKR)

N26 Tanjong Dawai

Incumbent: Hanif Ghazali (PN – PAS)

N27 Pantai Merdeka

Incumbent: Ahmad Fadzli Hashim (PN – PAS)

N28 Bakar Arang

Incumbent: Ooi Tze Min (PH – PKR)

N29 Sidam

Incumbent: Robert Ling Kui Ee (PN – BERSATU)

N30 Bayu

Incumbent: Abd Nasir Idris (PN – PAS)

N31 Kupang

Incumbent: Najmi Ahmad (PN – PAS)

N32 Kuala Ketil

Incumbent: Mansor Zakaria (PN – PAS)

N33 Merbau Pulas

Incumbent: Siti Aishah Ghazali (PN – PAS)

N34 Lunas

Incumbent: Azman Nasruddin (PN – BERSATU)

N35 Kulim

Incumbent: Yeo Keng Chuan (PH – PKR)

N36 Bandar Baharu

Incumbent: Norsabrina Mohd Noor (BN – UMNO)

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2023 Penang State Election

N1 Penaga

Incumbent: Mohd Yusni Mat Piah (PN – PAS)

N2 Bertam

Incumbent:

N3 Pinang Tunggal

Incumbent: Ahmad Zakiyuddin Abdul Rahman (PH – PKR)

N4 Permatang Berangan

Incumbent: Nor Hafizah Othman (BN – UMNO)

N5 Sungai Dua

Incumbent: Muhamad Yusoff Mohd Noor (BN – UMNO)

N6 Telok Ayer Tawar

Incumbent: Mustafa Kamal Ahmad (PH – PKR)

N7 Sungai Puyu

Incumbent: Phee Boon Poh (PH – DAP)

N8 Bagan Jermal

Incumbent: Soon Lip Chee (PH – DAP)

N9 Bagan Dalam

Incumbent: Satees Muniandy (PH – DAP)

N10 Seberang Jaya

Incumbent:

N11 Permatang Pasir

Incumbent: Muhammad Faiz Fadzil (PH – AMANAH)

N12 Penanti

Incumbent: Norlela Ariffin (PH – PKR)

N13 Berapit

Heng Lee Lee (PH – DAP)

N14 Machang Bubok

Incumbent: Lee Khai Loon (PH – PKR)

N15 Padang Lalang

Incumbent: Chong Eng (PH – DAP)

N16 Perai

Incumbent: Ramasamy Palanisamy (PH – DAP)

N17 Bukit Tengah

Incumbent: Gooi Hsiao Leung (PH – PKR)

N18 Bukit Tambun

Incumbent: Goh Choon Aik (PH – PKR)

N19 Jawi

Incumbent: H’ng Mooi Lye (PH – DAP)

N20 Sungai Bakap

Incumbent: Amar Pritpal Abdullah (PH – PKR)

N21 Sungai Acheh

Incumbent:

N22 Tanjong Bunga

Incumbent: Zairil Khir Johari (PH – DAP)

N23 Air Putih

Incumbent: Lim Guan Eng (PH – DAP)

N24 Kebun Bunga

Incumbent: Jason Ong Khan Lee (PH – PKR)

N25 Pulau Tikus

Incumbent: Chris Lee Chun Kit (PH – DAP)

N26 Padang Kota

Incumbent: Chow Kon Yeow (PH – DAP)

N27 Pengkalan Kota

Incumbent: Gooi Zi Sen (PH – DAP)

N28 Komtar

Incumbent: Teh Lai Heng (PH – DAP)

N29 Datok Keramat

Incumbent: Jagdeep Singh Deo (PH – DAP)

N30 Sungai Pinang

Incumbent: Lim Siew Khim (PH – DAP)

N31 Batu Lancang

Incumbent: Ong Ah Teong (PH – DAP)

N32 Seri Delima

Incumbent: Syerleena Abdul Rahid (PH – DAP)

N33 Air Itam

Incumbent: Joseph Ng Soon Seong (PH – DAP)

N34 Paya Terubong

Incumbent: Yeoh Soon Hin (PH – DAP)

N35 Batu Uban

Incumbent: Kumaresan Aramugam (PH – PKR)

N36 Pantai Jerejak

Incumbent: Saifuddin Nasution Ismail (PH – PKR)

N37 Batu Maung

Incumbent: Abdul Halim Hussain (PH – PKR)

N38 Bayan Lepas

Incumbent: Azrul Mahathir Aziz (PH – AMANAH)

N39 Pulau Betong

Incumbent Mohd Tuah Ismail (PH – PKR)

N40 Telok Bahang

Incumbent:

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Yang di-Pertuan Agong

The Yang di-Pertuan Agong also known as the King, is the constitutional monarch and head of state of Malaysia. The office was established in 1957, when the Federation of Malaya (now Malaysia) gained independence from the United Kingdom. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected by the Conference of Rulers, comprising the nine rulers of the Malay states and the governors or Yang di-Pertua Negeri of the other four states, with the office de facto rotated between them, making Malaysia one of the world’s few elective monarchies.

The Yang di-Pertuan Agong’s queen consort is known as the Raja Permaisuri Agong.

Constitutional Role

The Yang di-Pertuan Agong’s role is that of a constitutional monarch. The Constitution of Malaysia and Acts of Parliament made in accordance with it define the extent of his powers as the head of state. These are divided into two categories: powers exercised on the advice of the Prime Minister, another Minister, the Cabinet, the Conference of Rulers, or some other officer or institution, and discretionary powers.

The Constitution vests the executive power of the federal government in the monarch. However, with few exceptions, he is bound to exercise this power on the advice of the Cabinet or a minister acting under the Cabinet’s general authority. Thus, in practice, most of the actual day-to-day work of governing is performed by the Cabinet.

Head of Islam

In addition, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is the Head of Islam in the four states ruled by appointed Governors, in the three Federal Territories, as well as in his own state (Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur). In this role, he is advised by the State Islamic Affairs Council in each of the States.

The Yang di-Pertuan Agong appoints the chairman and members of each council. He also appoints the State Mufti in each of these states. There is a single Islamic Affairs Council with jurisdiction for the three Federal Territories. This council is also appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.

Commander-in-Chief

In accordance with Article 41 of the Constitution, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is Commander-in-Chief of the Malaysian Armed Forces. As such, he is the highest-ranking officer in the military chain of command.

As the Supreme Commander of the Malaysian Armed Forces, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong appoints the Chief of Defence Forces, on the advice of the Armed Forces Council. He also appoints the service heads of each of the three branches of the military forces.

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Malaysia Parliament

The Parliament of Malaysia is the national legislature of Malaysia, adopted based on the Westminster model.

The bicameral parliament consists of the Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives) which is the lower house and the Dewan Negara (Senate), the upper house.

The member of Dewan Rakyat is referred as ‘Member of Parliament’ (MP) while the member of Dewan Negara is referred as ‘Senator’.

The powers of the Parliament

As the ultimate legislative body in Malaysia, the Parliament is responsible for passing, amending and repealing acts of law. It is subordinate to the Head of State, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, under Article 39 of the Federal Constitution.

Members of Parliament are permitted to speak on any subject without fear of censure; the only body that can censure an MP is the House Committee of Privileges. Parliamentary immunity takes effect from the moment a member of Parliament is sworn in, and only applies when that member has the floor; it does not apply to statements made outside the House.

An exception to this rule are portions of the constitution related to the social contract, such as the Articles governing citizenship, the priorities of Bumiputera, the Malay language, etc. — all public questioning of these provisions is illegal under the 1971 amendments to the Sedition Act, which Parliament passed in the wake of the 1969 13 May race riots. Members of Parliament are also forbidden from criticising the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or any Ruler. Parliamentary immunity and other such privileges are set out by Article 63 of the Constitution; as such, the specific exceptions to such immunity had to be included in the Constitution by amendment after the 13 May incident.

Members of Dewan Rakyat

The Dewan Rakyat consists of 222 members of Parliament (MPs) elected from single-member constituencies in a general election using the first-past-the-post system. Whichever candidates that obtained the most votes in the constituency will be considered elected as the representative.

A general election is held every five years or earlier with the dissolution of Parliament by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on the advice of the Prime Minister. 

Malaysians are eligible to register as voters when they reach 18 years, which has just been amended in the recent years, although the execution has not been in place yet. However voting in the elections is not compulsory. The minimum age to stand as a candidate in the election is also 18 years old.

When a Member of Parliament passes away, resigns or become disqualified to hold a seat, a by-election will be held in the constituency unless the tenure left for the current Parliament is less than two years, where the seat is simply left vacant until the next general election.

The criteria to be qualified as a candidate for the Member of Parliament is that an individual must be a Malaysian, not less than. 18 years old, mentally sane, not bankrupt and not appointed to the Dewan Negara.

Members of Dewan Negara

The Dewan Negara consists of 70 Senators; 26 are elected by the 13 state assemblies (2 senators per state), 44 members (including 2 from the Kuala Lumpur, 1 from Putrajaya and 1 from Labuan) are appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on the advice of the Prime Minister.

Senators must be a Malaysian, 30 years or above, and are appointed to a three-year term for a maximum of two terms. The dissolution of the Parliament does not affect the Dewan Negara.